A Fungus Among Us

I had these photographs of a moth with a bad hair day sent to me several years ago and just got around to identifying them.  I have lost track of who sent them but the story was too good to pass.

I had identified it as a fungus, Akanthomyces tuberculatus species complex on an unfortunate moth. My understanding was that the fungus parasitizes the host, eventually killing it, then acts as a saprobe, feeding on the corpse. When it is finished, it produces projections which are covered with asexual spores to find another victim.  I sent it off to our staff mycologist.  He takes the story over from here:

Mark Bower:

You are correct about what has happened to that poor moth. It came into contact with an Akanthomyces (tuberculatus or aculeateus, don’t know which one) spore. the spore stuck to the moth’s body, germinated, penetrated the body cavity, then devoured it from the inside. After the fungus was finished with its meal, it sent up spore-bearing structures as seen in your photo.

Below are a few Bull Creek examples of entomopathogenic fungi (a fungus that kills or disables insects).


Pupa infested with Cordyceps militaris

There are over 1,000 known species of entomopathogenic fungi which parasitize or infect insects. Most of these fungi are capable of infecting multiple insect species, but some are species specific. Your example represents a pretty straight forward lethal infection, but it isn’t always this simple. 

Bavaria bassiana which has killed a wasp

O. unilateralis-Wikipedia

Numerous fungal species not only parasitize and kill their hosts; they are actually capable of altering their behavior prior to their inevitable deaths. The most well-known example is Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, a tropical fungus which infects carpenter ants. After entering the ant’s body it attaches to it’s muscles and basically takes over its motor function. It then produces chemicals which somehow affect the ant’s brain. The combination of the altered brain function and the fungus’ control of the muscles cause the ant to climb a plant and permanently clamp its jaws on the vein of a leaf. Remarkably, at noon, the infected ants climb to 25 cm from the ground, and do so over the top of one of the ant colony’s trails or nest. The fungus then sprouts from the ant’s head and rains spores down on the unfortunate ants below. 

The previous story is bizarre, but this type of fungal-insect interaction is actually fairly common. Male periodic locusts can be infected by a fungus which devour it from the inside, all the while producing chemicals which cause the males to be hypersexual, so they buzz around trying to mate with every locust (male or female) that moves. This behavior enhances spore dispersal. Also, some species of flies can be infected, causing them to land on the top of a plant (such as a blade of grass), raise their butts upwards and die. This position enhances spore dispersal.

Torrubiella arachnophila which has devoured a spider

Editor's note:

Thanks to Mark Bower, I will now be worrying about a zombie fungus every time I climb to any heights.

Slime Molds

Today's blog is by the our award winning photographer of fungi, Dr. Mark Bower.  I asked him to tell us a little about slime molds, with added comments in italics by your editor.

For lack of a better idea, Slime Molds have been placed in the Kingdom Protista along with amoebas, algae, kelp and other oddballs. They spend most of their lives as single-cell amoeba-like individuals, oozing around in soil, feeding on bacteria and fungal spores. Yummy, delicious.

They are extremely common- one pinch of forest soil may contain around 50,000 individuals. They have been found in a wide variety of ecosystems, from the arctic to the deserts of Namibia. While they are virtually indistinguishable from amoebas, there is one important difference: unlike amoebas, Slime Molds, under certain circumstances, join together to form a completely new multicellular organism. In the case of the myxomycetes this new organism consists of a mass of slimy goo called the plasmodium.  No more barefoot walks in the woods for me.

Slime mold imitating a millipede

The slimy plasmodium creeps around, feeding and enjoying itself until it decides to stop and morph into its fruiting bodies, which produce its spores. If you think myxomycetes are weird, let me tell you about dictyostelids some day!  Be still my foolish heart!

Plasmodium of Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa

Here is the decidedly slimy plasmodium of Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa - the white stringy things are the developing fruiting bodies.  Grapes of wrath?

Mature fruiting bodies

While all myxomycetes have a pretty similar plasmodial phase, there is wide variation in the shape and character of the fruiting bodies. Here are just a few examples:  Who knew the words "slime" and "mold" could describe this kind of natural beauty?

Pretzel past its best used by date

Dead finger applauding Mark's pictures

Here is an entertaining three minute video that further explains slime molds.  Many more of Mark's slime mold photos are at this Flickr link.  Here is more from your National Park Service.

Thanks Mark, now off to dinner!