Bumblebee Watch

American bumble bee male

Our MN Richard Herman has been participating in the Missouri Bumblebee Watch, a citizen science project sponsored by the Xerces society for Invertebrate Conservation for the last two years.  The purpose of this project is to gather and record information about native bumblebees across the country to develop a database for further research into the species.  The Bumblebee Watch is currently in operation in 20 states and part of Canada.  Participants are trained in identifying local bumble bees and recording information about species and other pertinent information.

 

American bumble bee female

This year 6 species of bumble bees were recorded in Missouri during the season that starts the beginning of June and runs until the end of September.  Bumblebees are active before and after these dates but are not formally included in the study.  Two of the more common species included in his pictures are the American bumblebee (Bombus pensylvanicus) with 263 sightings and the common eastern bumblebee, (Bombus impatiens) with 704 sightings.

 

Common eastern female

Editors note:

Richard's photos were made holding the bumblebee by the wing.  I don't know if his bees were unconscious, dead or just very cooperative.  Either way he should get extra credit as hazardous duty pay for his efforts.

This MDC Field guide link has much more information on bumblebees in Missouri.

 

Mark Bower's New Species!

Violet Coral Fungus

Mark Bower recently found two different fungi along Bull Creek that are new species!  The Violet Coral fungus shown here is a beauty shown at our last Master Naturalist meeting before it was known to be a new species never before identified! It will soon be getting a new name.

I asked Mark to share with us some details of how a new species of fungus is identified.  Here is his description for us naturalist nerds.

--------------------------

 

There is an ongoing effort to document the great variety of fungal species in the U.S. It is spearheaded by a nonprofit DNA lab in Michigan in conjunction with participating local mushroom clubs such as our Missouri Mycological Society.  Until recently, our fungal species have been separated based on macroscopic and microscopic features. Many were named because they closely resembled European species.
 
With the relatively recent advent of faster and cheaper DNA sequencing, we are finding that numerous species have been misidentified. For example, Red Russulas are extremely common in Missouri. They used to be labeled “Russula Emetica.” It turns out that the European species doesn’t exist in North America. Missouri’s “Red Russulas likely represent dozens of distinct species that happen to look alike. The same is true for many other fungal groups.
 
I began participating in the MycoMap project in July 2024 and have provided hundreds of specimens for DNA sequencing. The results are just now trickling in, but so far two new species have been identified. 

The first is a grayish Russula which I initially passed over because it was chewed up and I was tired. I changed my mind and returned to collect it. It turns out it is a new species which has the provisional name Russula redolens MO-01. It is so-named because it resembles Russula redolens - the “MO” stands for Missouri and the “01” means that this is the first specimen found.
 
 

I presented the purple coral-shaped mushroom to the Master Naturalist group recently because I thought it was attractive. We now know that it is a new species, with the provisional name Clavaria zollingeri MO-01.  I think this project is very exciting, as it will provided much-needed documentation of our very diverse fungal species.
 
Mycota Lab is a 501c3 molecular DNA laboratory based just outside of Ann Arbor, Michigan.  The current focus of the lab is documenting macrofungal diversity at large scales with a goal of creating a reasonably comprehensive outline of North American macrofungal biodiversity by 2035. The initial goal formed in late 2022 was to sequence 10,000 specimens per year for the next 10 years, bringing in over 100,000 new collections. In 2023, over 20,000 specimens were attained.
 
Mycota Lab has several key initiatives to achieve these goals. The first is the Continental Mycoblitz - www.MycoBlitz.org. For several weeks each year, any individual from anywhere in North America can submit specimens to their lab for free DNA sequencing. Thus far over 1,000 people from across the continent have participated in these events. The second key initiative is the MycoMap Network -www.MycoMap.org. For 2024 collectors can submit new specimens without restriction from the following areas for free DNA sequencing: Arizona, California, Indiana, Michigan, New Brunswick/PEI/Nova Scotia/Newfoundland, and Puerto Rico.

Editor's note:

I can't end without showing the coral fungus in its full size glory.

Leatherwing Beetles

 

Mark Bower sent me this picture of beetles covering his goldenrods.  He tentatively   identified them as Goldenrod Soldier Beetles.

I immediately recognized them as Pennsylvania Leatherwings.  Looking them up I found that both names are commonly used to describe Chauliognathus pensylvanicus.  I will leave that pronunciation to you.

Of even greater interest, there is a fungus association, a beetle made for our mycologist friend!  To quote this Wikipedia entry:

"Adult C. pensylvanicus may be infected by the fungus Eryniopsis lampyridarum. After the fungus infects the host, it takes about two weeks for it to eventually kill its host. Before the host dies, the fungus orders the beetle to climb a plant and then attach itself to a flower by biting down with its mandibles into flower heads. About 15–22 hours later, the fungus causes the dead beetles to raise their elytra and expand their metathoracic wings in order to maximise infection of other beetles.  With their wings raised, the dead beetles may still attract mates as live males were observed mating with the deceased, infected females, this then transmits spores from one insect-host to another."

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology at this link

This is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) or in this case an infection or STI.  There is more recent information on this in this Science Alert story.  The Parasite of the Day blog has more on the fungus association.  As other soldier beetles are attracted to daisies, the plant acts as a pub which attracts other uninfected beetles.  Sound familiar?  Meanwhile other infected beetles fall to the ground where the fungi can survive until they hitch a ride on other beetles.

This is written in the name of science, even if it sounds a little X-rated.

Brave Little Bagworm

I found a  bag worm that had dropped out of a cedar tree onto a table on our deck. After watching it struggle on the table's edge, I moved it onto several leaves for security and food. At one point it suddenly lost its grip and was caught by a silk safety line until climbing back up to the leaf.  You can follow its journey in this Youtube video. 

The evergreen bagworm moth is Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis--try saying that fast three times!  It is in the Psychidae family of bagworm moths.  The MDC Discover Nature Field Guide describes it here.

"Adult male evergreen bagworm moths are furry and look a lot like blackish bees with long, tapering abdomen tips. They have comblike antennae and usually have clear wings (which is very unmothlike), since they lose most of their wing scales as they squeeze out of their larval cases. Adult females lack wings and antennae; they look a lot like caterpillars or maggots and usually do not leave their bags."

Hanging by a thread

The larva will go through seven instars and the last one will be an inch long.  "Bagworm larvae eat the leaves and soft stems of many types of trees and shrubs, including evergreens. In Missouri, they are most commonly noticed on eastern red cedar and on the various junipers and arborvitaes used in landscaping."

MDC goes on to say, "The eggs, caterpillars, and adult females don’t leave their protective bags or even fully leave their pupal casing, which complicates matters slightly: The males must seek out the females. Receptive females emit pheromones (scents that attract the opposite sex), and a male, finding a female’s bagworm bag, must extend and poke his abdomen into the female’s case in order to mate with her. The female deposits her hundreds of eggs into her own bag and dies within a few days. If she doesn’t drop onto the ground when she dies, her dried-up body may remain with the eggs until they hatch in late spring the following year."

This give a whole new meaning to the term "bag lady."

More detailed information can be found at the University of Florida Entomology.

Rough Greensnake

This weekend, Noppadol Paothong brought his family to the creek and they spotted this Northern Rough Greensnake in a tree right by our house on Bull Creek.  Even knowing it was there it took me a minute to find it, and it was even harder to photograph.  You can see it in action in this video.  In addition to its coloration and the difficulty finding it even when it was pointed out to me, I was amazed with its climbing ability.  Once I saw it stretched out seven inches into space, reaching for another branch.

Information on almost any animal, insect or plant in Missouri is available through MDC.  Simply search the topic name followed by MDC.  In this case I entered "greensnake MDC" although even "green snake MDC" also works.  Here is the site that comes up.  They not only have pictures but frequently usually show similar species as well as lifecycle, food, and connections with nature and humans.  

It is hot and humid so I will leave you with this while I go out to see if I can f.ind it again.

Shadbush Spring

Many years ago, Barb replaced a Bradford pear with a downy serviceberry tree, aka. shadbush. It is the native tree you see in our woods with white flowers like a Bradford pear but with smaller blossoms.  In our yard it provides shade for a field of violets which the Barnharts are feeding to their voracious Regal Fritillary caterpillars, destined to repopulate our Missouri Prairie Foundation prairies with this threatened species.

This time every year we are visited by a flock of cedar waxwings which come to feast on the early ripening serviceberries.  I watched as flights of 10-20 waxwings suddenly swooped in, shaking the tree branches as they gorge on the berries for 3-5 minutes, then just as suddenly take off as though they heard a starter gun.  Their coordination is remarkable.  It is as though they had a little earpiece where they hear an announcement, "Taking off in three, two, one, NOW"

At one time I estimated the multiple incoming flights totaled over 80 birds on the tree, jumping around like they had too much coffee. You can watch the party on this Youtube link.

Cedar waxwings are known to occasionally become intoxicated from eating overripe fermenting berries of other tree species.  They maintain their frugavore habit in the winter by eating cedar berries.  They are also unique in feeding berries to their young.  I can hear them now saying "Now eat your veggies so you can learn to get high when you are older!"

 

 

 

A few more days and the feeding orgy will be over and they'll be eating petals and sap of shrubs and trees as well as plenty of insects during breeding season, providing extra protein for their growing young.

 

MSU Hawks

I was at Strong Hall on the MSU campus last week. When I walked out the front door I encountered this red-tailed hawk in the shrubs across the drive. After it watch me for a minute it took off as seen below. 

 

I found an article on the Campus Hawks in the MSU Standard Newspaper and contacted Taylor Hires of the MSU Bird Club. He says that there at least a pair on campus and there are reports of three hawks circling above campus at a time. Here is his further report:

"As far as I've seen, there are several hawk nests visible on campus - these nests were either abandoned before they were fully built, used in previous years, or are currently active.  Two of the nests are in the quad outside of Carrington Hall. Look for them in the row of dawn redwoods on the north side of the quad - one nest is in the redwood closest to Carrington. (I believe they built that nest last year.) The other is a few trees away next to the parking lot.  I've talked to Becky Swearingen (a member of GOAS, Greater Ozarks Audubon Society) and she believes one of these nests may be in use, since the hawks have been very active in the quad.  I have also noticed that you're much more likely to see the hawks on the south side of campus, in the library/football stadium/quad area."

The hawks are well-loved by students on campus! I've heard so many stories, mostly from non-birders, about weird behaviors they observed from the campus hawks. I've been told that some marching band students unofficially adopted the red-tailed hawks as mascots because they can often be seen circling overhead during band rehearsal in the football stadium. I personally like to watch them antagonize the campus pigeons. I think it's really cool that we all get to see wildlife up close on a day-to-day basis, and I was excited that they had generated enough interest to warrant an article in the student newspaper!" 

It is nice to know that when you are a busy student on campus and can't get away, some nature comes to you.  Becky Swearingen filmed a hawk dining outside her office window on campus.  You can see it here on Youtube.

Click to enlarge

There is more bird life on campus.  Chris Barnhart shared this photo of a "cranky kestrel on campus."  Kestrels are the smallest and most colorful North American falcon species according to MDC as described in this link.

Thanks to Taylor Hires. She is the President of the MSU Bird Club and a research assistant in ornithology.

Spring has Sprung

False indigo shrub (Amorpha fruticosa)

There was no doubt it is spring in the mind of these tiny bees that are swarming our false indigo in the back yard.  It is hard to see the individual flowers but the golden pollen is visible when you get up close. You can see the bees in action in this video.  Over 40 of them were crawling all over the flowers and each other. Their little legs were soon carrying golden saddlebags of pollen.

These are Western Honey Bees, Apis mellifera.  According to Wikipedia:

"The western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide. The genus name Apis is Latin for "bee", and mellifera is the Latin for "honey-bearing" or "honey carrying", referring to the species' production of honey."

According to the MDC Field Guide, the honeybee was made Missouri's official state insect in 1985.  This is a great honor as it isn't even a native species!  It is thought to have originated in Africa and then spread on its own to Europe. It is one of the first insects to be domesticated, and is now found on every continent except Antarctica.

Unlike other bees, honeybees collect pollen carry pollen in basket-like structures on their back legs.  These are referred to as "saddlebags." These allow them to carry pollen back to the nest, at times weighing up to 30% of their own body weight!!  Note to self- don't complain about carrying the groceries into the house!

Recent studies have shown how they managed to package the pollen load.  They have long hairs on their legs that hold on to the pollen.

"The researchers then tugged on some of the pollen pellets using elastic string. They found that the pellets, though seemingly precarious, were firmly attached: The force necessary to dislodge a pellet was about 20 times more than the force a bee typically experiences while flying."  Science.org

The scientific tools we now have are amazing.....almost as amazing as the Apis mellifera!

Herping at Bull Mills

 

Red milksnake - Lampropeltis triangulum

(Guest Blog by Dave Shanholtzer)

I had a great day Wednesday exploring Bull Mills with Kevin from the SWMO Herp Society.  We flipped the first tin behind the barn and immediately found a yellow-bellied racer. 

Yellow-bellied Racer

We moved to the three stacks of tin I separated out along the fence behind the barn and in the first one found a red milk snake and between the three stacks over 20 ringneck snakes!  We also found a broadhead skink and five-lined skink. 

Slimy salamander with a nursery web spider

On the glade we found prairie lizards and a box turtle.  Under an old fiberglass boat in the small field below the glade we found two huge black rat snakes.  In the woods north of the cabin we found another box turtle, an Ozarks zig-zag salamander, and a western slimy salamander.  

Rat snake hunting in the barn rafters

Back at the barn we found another huge black rat snake in the rafters and our first yellow-bellied racer had a friend under another piece of tin behind the barn.  No timber rattlesnakes, pygmy rattlesnakes, or copperheads unfortunately. 

Finally we moved a few sheets of tin at the back of the barn, placing them along the fence to make a spot for timber rattlesnakes near where one was last year.  Now they have lots of cover for us to check. 

Editor's note:

Dave specializes in finding our timber rattlesnakes which seem to appear when he comes for a visit.  I may go a few years without seeing one, then he comes down and sees one on our drive.  Here was a Video on our driveway a few years ago.  Notice the rattle is immediately above the head, as a defensive position if a predator went after the source of sound.

Black rat snakes are our most common species, probably because they live in our cabin, house, and barn where we are likely to encounter them.  Search the blog for "rat snake" for lots more stories.

What is a stream?

What actually defines a stream?  Is it the water flowing on the edge of a bank or a gravel bar?  Does it extend below the gravel and into the soil among the tree roots overhanging the water's edge.  Dr. Deb Finn raises these interesting questions in the Missouri State Mind's Eye.

You can read the story at this Mind's Eye link.  Then for more information on Corethella kipferi, see this 2022 Blog.

Ticks are here!

The MDC Conservation Nature Calendar said this weekend is when the ticks come out.  Whether the ticks read the calendar to decide on their emergence is questionable, but it certainly was accurate.  I came home with 3 first instar and one second instars digging in to private places.  We now have our tick (scotch) tape out in the bathroom.

We have written before about winter ticks in this blog dating back to a 2011 blog so it was no real surprise.

I am posting this so you can hear one of our favorite Ozark musicians, Annie Shelton sing her song Tick Pickin Time in the Ozarks.  It was written by her grandmother and was performed this time with her dad Wayne on the porch at Shelton Hollow.

Now back to the tweezers............

More on Bull Creek ticks can be found in these past blogs.

Knowing Your Trees

Lois Zerrer reviews Knowing the Trees: Discover the Forest From Seed to Snag by Ken Keffer.

I happened upon this book while perusing the “new arrivals” section of the Springfield Greene County Library. Being a self-proclaimed tree groupie, the title caught my eye. Thumbing through the book, it appeared to contain engaging information that might add to my knowledge of our trees.

After a brief introduction to the life cycle of the tree, the chapters are organized along the growth cycle of the tree – from seed and cone to the woody debris left behind at the end. Each chapter highlights interesting information comparing and contrasting different aspects of the life stage. For example, distinctions between types of seed, the purpose of cones, or how a stage supports wildlife are included. Also, anecdotes with unusual facts or stories are included to keep the reading light and entertaining. 

This is neither a scholarly work nor a primer. The author has done a good job of combining scientific substance with a style making it accessible to the lay reader. Along with scientific importance and ecological benefits, the author includes cultural references and some facts and details that “tree groupies” might not know. Some terminology that was new to me: 

•  “doghair stands” – successional forests after old growth has been removed 
• “krummholz” - the natural pruning process that occurs in the area between the subalpine and alpine zones which results in shrubby tree forms and branches that grow in the direction of the prevailing winds. 
• “long leaf grass” - the seedlings of long leaf pine during their fire resistant growth phase 
• Last but not least, the New York Stock Exchange was formed by an agreement signed under a sycamore tree in 1792. The Buttonwood Agreement was so called because the wood of sycamores was used at that time to make buttons. Author Ken Keffer is a naturalist and environmental educator. 

Knowing the Trees: Discover the Forest From Seed to Snag by Ken Keffer Illustrations by Emily Walker Copyright 2023 Mountaineers Books 

Editor's note:  It is available at the Library Center in Springfield.....after I return it.

Ode to a Hat-throwing Fungus

Pilobolus crystallinus

A special guest blog from our favorite mycologist, Dr. Mark Bower. But first read his poem, a paen in the Poop  to a fungus among-us.
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 Fun with Da Dung Fungus

Searching for mushrooms is such a strain

As I sat for a while

To relieve the pain

I spot a brown pile

Lumpy it was and also quite stinky
Into the mass I stuck my pinky
As it happens, I shouldn’t have done that 
For I quickly found out it was a pile of scat

Mycelia feeding
But it’s had its fill
Time to throw hats
With the spores, if you will

Pow, pow, pow!
The sporangia explode! 

 Up to ten feet   

 The hats will be throw'd

 

 Out towards the sun 

 Soaring like a bird

 Hoping to land

 On another deer turd

========

Back to Mark's story:

I am always on the lookout for fuzzy poop, and was lucky to come upon this example at Bull Creek in September. I didn’t have my good camera with me, so the photos are of poor quality. Nevertheless, here is the story:
Pilobolus crystallinus, the hat-throwing fungus or dung cannon (seen in action here) is a decomposer of the dung of various mammals, in this particular case, whitetail deer. Its mycelium feeds on fresh dung. When the nutrients are depleted, or if conditions otherwise dictate, the fungus forms its spore-containing fruiting bodies (sporangia).

These sporangia consist of a fluid-filled globular structure sitting on a stalk. At the apex of the sporangium sits a black “hat” which encases the spores.

Sporangium- click to enlarge

Somehow, the fungal spores must find fresh dung in which to germinate. It has devised an ingenious method of doing so. The sporangium builds up hydrostatic pressure until it finally explodes, and “throws” the black "hat" spore case as far as ten feet. After landing on a blade of grass or a fresh leaf, it may possibly be devoured by a passing deer. If so, the spores will pass through the digestive tract of the deer, then be deposited in a fresh pile of scat. Spore germination occurs, and the cycle is complete.

But why does the hat-thrower go to such lengths to eject its spores? The reason for this is the following: deer, cattle and most mammals don’t like to browse near poop. By ejecting the spores far away, the probability of ingestion is increased. For the same reason, the fungal sporangia are phototropic, that is, the stalks orient themselves towards the sun. They only shoot their spores in the morning and evening when the sun is at an angle, which maximizes the distance they can achieve.

As if that isn’t weird enough:
Lungworms are parasites of various animals, and are commonly found in the lungs of deer. The adults can be as long as 3 inches. When the lungworms are ready to reproduce, they lay eggs in the lungs. When they hatch, the larvae infect the trachea and bronchi of the deer, causing a form of bronchitis. The deer cough up gobs of larva-containing phlegm and inevitably swallow some of it. The larvae are deposited in fresh dung where they feed and thrive. If the larvae are fortunate, the sporangia of Pilobolus will also be present in the dung. The larvae crawl up the stalk of the sporangium and curl up on the black spore case, awaiting lift off. As the spore case is ejected, the larvae get a free ride away from the dung pile. They are then ingested by a deer and enter the blood stream and lymphatics through the wall of the intestines. They then travel through the blood to be deposited in the lungs, to mature into the adult worms. These lungworms rely on Pilobolus to complete their life cycle. The fungus does not benefit and is not harmed by the association.

If you are ready for some more fungal-culture I would highly recommend this poem by Tom Volk.

Parasite of a Parasite

Honey mushroom

Rhizomorphs

Mark Bower sent me these photos and facts which I have judiciously edited.

This honey mushroom (Armillaria mellea) can be found fruiting in large numbers at the base of hardwood trees in the Ozarks, exclusively in the fall (see photo). It is a parasite which attacks the roots and butt of the unfortunate tree. It also can spread under the bark of said tree or from tree to tree using rhizomorphs which look like tangled bootlaces.

Entoloma abortivum

Honey mushrooms aren’t the only parasites in the woods, however. The rather homely appearing mushroom to the right is called Entoloma abortivum. It ordinarily is a decomposing fungus of leaf litter. However, its mycelium are capable of parasitizing the honey mushroom, parasitizing another parasite. When it invades the honey mushroom, it grows into a distorted mess called shrimp of the woods (see photo).

"Shrimp of the woods"

Unbelievably, shrimp of the woods is considered a choice edible. Seriously? In addition to its homely appearance, it needs to be carefully identified to avoid poisoning by other lookalikes (as if there are others that are a less appalling / more appealing species.) As my mother used to say back in the 1940's, "There is no accounting for taste" said the woman as she kissed her cow!"

So now we have chicken of the woods, hen of the woods, shrimp of the woods and lobster mushrooms. What’s next? Mark has just identified this new species, the pig of the woods, Swinus silvae-bowerii.

Pig of the woods - Swinus arboritus bowerii

Editor's note: Actually, this is not a Missouri fungus.  Mark tells me this actually was Fistulina hepatica, the ox tongue fungus which he photographed in Tasmania. It was a young specimen and he added the features, like lipstick on a pig!