Wolf Spider Hole

A front hall made from dried grass and silk - REK

Another view

On our MN training field trip to Henning CA we came across several of these mystery features in the barren ground between grass clumps.  They were approximately 6-8mm in diameter (1/4 inch) and extended 8mm above the ground.  They were constructed from bits of dried grass.  I sent it to Chris Barnhart while we were in the field and he suggested a wolf spider hole.





Burrowing wolf spiders are in the genera Geolycosa (geo=earth, lycosa=underground).  Most of these are found in Florida but one species, appropriately enough named Geolycosa missouriensis, is found all the way into Canada.  Based on circumstantial evidence alone, I am calling this its home until someone comes up with a better suggestion.

Kurt Schaefer

Geolycosa missouriensis is a common species of spider within the wolf spider family, Lycosidae.  These are all ground dwellers, efficient predators with good eyesight that hunt with speed and strength to capture prey items.  They don't build webs and reserve their silk for lining their tunnels and collecting debris to form a little raised opening.

This Bluejay Barrens blog has good photographs of the spider in its burrow.  Looking closely you can see the diagnostic eye arrangement of a Lycosidae. 

As usual, insect guru Bug Eric has a lot more detailed information.  Finally, here is a video of an unidentified wolf spider goaded out of its home.

Yellow Garden Spider Revisited

I took one look at you ....and my heart stood still--------Rogers & Hart

stabilimentum

On a field trip with the future teachers of Discover Nature Schools we ran into this beauty.  The distinctive zigzag pattern seen vertically through the web is called a stabilimentum. It is common among the Argiope sp. (Ar-gee-O-pee) spiders but is produced by over 80 spider species.  A. aurantia makes an especially thick stabilimentum. It is called a "writing spider" from an old old folk tale that says if you see your name written on its web you are about to die.  So much for the kind and empathetic writing of Charlotte's Web.  No students were lost on this trip.

This is a female Argiope aurantia, the yellow garden spider.  The females are three times larger than the males with a body length of 19-28 mm.  The Araneidae family members all have eight eyes in a distinctive arrangement but with black eyes on a black face they are hard to photograph.  This is a very active spider that crawls all over our hands.  I was finally able to get head shots by gently holding it between soft foam rubber pads.  Her pedipalps are long and narrow compared to a male's which are specialized for the job of transferring sperm.

Male and female - Jay Barnes

The beautiful circular web A. aurantia builds is temporary, as they eat all but the long foundation webbing every night, spinning a new web for the next day. Some sources suggest they may do this to add tiny particles to the webbing which look like food to small insects, drawing them to the web.

The zigzag stabilimentum is especially interesting. It is made of a slightly different webbing which reflects UV light, possibly attracting insects to it. It is important to recall that other species frequently see different light waves. Other biologists believe the stabilimentum is made to strengthen the web, confuse predators, or to warn birds not to fly into the web.

A stabilimentum didn't save this hummingbird that flew into a web in front of one of our cardinal flowers, Lobelia cardinalis.  The closely related Argiope trifasciata spider went into its reflex action of wrapping up its prey (or bycatch in this case).  It is possible however that the hummingbird wasn't an entirely innocent victim.

"Hummingbirds use spider webs as a source of spider's silk in nest construction, being necessary to bind the nest to the tree branch or other substrate and to hold the nest together. Even so, the hummingbird must be careful when removing the pieces of webbing, for it may become entangled and be trapped there. Spider's silk has a tensile strength comparable to steel on a weight basis. In one report, a ruby-throated hummingbird was caught in an active web, and quickly wrapped and encased by the spider, much as an insect might be." Hummingbirdsociety.org

Spider web construction varies with the species and many spiders don't even bother to make one.  The initial strand in web construction of Argiopes is called the "baseline."  It then drops a single line in a "Y" and builds the radials before adding the sticky web.  Most lose stickiness after a day and are eaten by the spider who then, in the ultimate in recycling, uses the ingested silk to reconstruct the web.  Details and diagrams of their techniques are at spiderzrule.com.  When most prey hits the web, the spider rushes out and bites it, killing it before its thrashing allows it to escape.  With some venomous insects like wasps they just carefully wrap it in silk.

Whether you like Latin names or not, the name Argiope aurantia is necessary to confidently identify the species.  Using "binomial nomenclature" creates a universal name recognized in all languages. Between three different authoritative sources it carries the common names of writing spider, corn spider, black and yellow garden spider, zipper spider, banana spider, x spider, corn spider, the yellow and black garden spider, the black and yellow argiope, the golden orb weaver, and yellow argiope.  This impressive list demonstrates the importance of a scientific Latin name.


The story of a female spider eating the male after mating is a familiar one in many species (see black widow blog). The Argiope is different.  The male effectively commits suicide by sex. Spiders transfer their sperm to females using their specialized palps which the male inserts into the female.  In the case Argiopes, they die right after inserting their second palp, their heart stops beating several minutes later.  This gives a whole new meaning to Rogers and Hart's lyric, "...and my heart stood still."

The second palp remains inserted into the female, effectively plugging the opening and preserving the male's genes from contamination from another male. In other words, he makes the ultimate sacrifice to preserve his inheritance.*

The male’s death is also described as an “irreversible seizure” and apparently this takes place to form a kind of “chastity belt” (James 2003*). Once the male Kamikaze has inserted the second palp, he’s stuck, despite what the surrounding males would like. "The other males go berserk, bite into the legs and try to pull him off." Securing himself inside of her also gives the male’s sperm sufficient time to fertilize the eggs.**

Meanwhile the female never gets to enjoy her 1000+ kids.  She makes a round brown egg sac, attaches it to the web and watches over it.  The spiderlings hatch but the newborn spiderlings remain in the sac over winter while she dies.  They will emerge in the spring to spread out into new territory.  I wonder if the thought of raising 1000 kids is what kills her?

"Bug Eric" Eaton's blog
*    See this NIH publication.
**  Comprehensive A. aurantia information with references is at this link.
More photographs in Bugguide.

Life on a Spicebush

Life on a spicebush leaf -Tonya Smith

I borrowed these photographs from Tonya Smith MN who has recently become addicted to macro photography.  Recovery is seldom possible so I am using this blog as a warning to others who might be spared.  She found this on a spicebush leaf and sent it in to Bugguide on September 5th as a Bug Track.  On the 10th, she had this reply.

"This is a row of eggs inserted under the leaf epidermis. The little lid-like appendage at the top of each one suggests Heteroptera, and my first guess is Miridae (plant bugs), but I don't have any experience with their eggs, so it would be great if you could collect the leaf and see what pops out. Great photos!"… Charley Eiseman, 10 September, 2019 - 5:49am

Closeup with "lid-like appendage on top" - Tonya Smith

There are several lessons to be learned here.  First, there is a community of fellow "macrophiles" out there who are willing to give a helping hand, although some like me can be wrong at times.  Charley Eiseman, quoted above, is the guru and has helped me out several times and is generous with his expertise.  After years of assisting me in my gall addiction, he has ventured into life "in a leaf."

Leaf miner on Verbesina virginica - REK

While chasing chasing tiny critters on leaves I frequently see these scars.  They may occur on the upper or lower surface, sometimes on both.  I had always assumed that they were caused by something browsing the epithelium but it turns out to be something much more interesting. 

A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants. The vast majority of leaf-mining insects are moths (Lepidoptera), sawflies (Symphyta, close relatives of wasps), and flies (Diptera), though some beetles also exhibit this behavior.  Wikipedia

Leaf miner tunnels with trails of frass - REK

Note that it says "lives in."  These tiny larvae mine in between the upper and lower surface epithelium, frequently leaving little tiny strings of dark frass (insect poop).  Eventually they emerge, leaving through a small exit hole which you may see under magnification.

If you want to pursue leaf miners beyond the Wikipedia reference, Charley has just published  Leafminers of North America.  It is 1857 pages long (plus a 54-page table of contents, 20-page glossary, and 68-page bibliography), illustrated with thousands of color photographs.  To prevent injury to the UPS delivery drivers it is only available as an ebook but it is a great reference.  "Abandon all hope, ye who enter there" for I have sampled the incredible deep dive into my copy and it is hard to emerge.

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He and Noah Charney wrote Tracks & Sign of Insects and Other Invertebrates which is an indispensable book for those who wander through nature wondering "what made that?" be it a gall, egg case, pupae, exuviae or an engraving left by an insect. 

Little Stinkpot

Saturday's field school for the Master Naturalist training class turned up a cool cold-blooded specimen in the creek, an eastern musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus, the smallest Missouri turtle and one of the smallest on the planet.  Odoratus is Latin for "fragrant" and its alternate common name of stinkpot sounds ominous.  This is because of scent glands from the edge of its shell which can release a foul musky odor. possibly to deter predation.  Realizing that these were naturalists, it held its fire (or maybe he was just too young for his hormones to arrive.)

"Just call me spike."

Working with the WOLF School, the students almost always give a name to a turtle, snake or even a worm.  I tend to refer to specimens I pick up as "he," a trait that frequently gets me in trouble with my wife.  In this case I am justified as Wikipedia says that "males can usually be distinguished from females by their significantly longer tails and by the spike that protrudes at the end of the tail.

This is a very wise looking turtle, somewhat anthropomorphic but said with affection.  The MDC Discover Nature Field Guide described it this way.  "There are normally two thin, yellow stripes on each side of the head and neck. Small projections of the skin called barbels are present on the chin and throat."  To me it looks like it missed a few spots on its chin while shaving.  Technical note: even male turtles do not shave.


The MDC Field Guide describes its diet writing "A variety of small aquatic animals are eaten by this small reptile, including aquatic insects, earthworms, crayfish, fish eggs, minnows, tadpoles, algae, and dead animals."

"This species is most abundant in slow-current sections of rivers and larger streams of the Ozarks, the swamps, sloughs, and small ditches of the Bootheel, and in a few rivers in the northeastern part of the state. They can also be found in reservoirs. It favors shallow water but also basks on logs, rocks, or small, horizontal tree trunks"

You can't buy Master Naturalist fun like this!  Photos by Becky Swearingen.

For more details go to this Virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com link.

Pawpaw for WOLF

This week we had a record harvest of fruit on the pawpaw trees growing along the trails.  We ended up with 17 pounds, 4 times our average year.  Many of the biggest ones were hanging in clusters.  We go after them with a long pole with a hook on the end, pulling down all we see.  We have learned that when you think you have reached all of them on the tree, give it a good shaking and more unseen fruit is likely to come raining down on your head.

Pawpaws have a tight green skin, firm until they ripen, then soft, squishy and  full of the sweet odor of a over ripe banana.  Inside, there is a pale custard-like pulp with several brown seeds.  Fortunately those characteristics make some people dislike them which means more for us.  The pulp makes wonderful pawpaw pudding, the consistency of a moist cake.  It also can be used for pawpaw bread or served on top of ice cream.

The pawpaw tree (Asimina triloba) is much more important for wildlife.  Their fruits are popular with squirrels, raccoons, and bears.  In season we see bear scat filled with seeds, the pawpaw tree's method of transporting its offspring out of the neighborhood. 

Pawpaw flowers, fresh, dead and frost damaged - REK

Bud ready to flower

Pawpaws bloom early in spring and sudden freezes turn them into shriveled dark brown blobs, robbing them of the chance to make fruit.  Their survival trick is to spread out their flower bloom times.  We have noticed over the years that the flower blossoms develop and open up sequentially over 4-6 weeks in the spring.  On the same branch there may be shriveled frozen buds, tight buds both ready to open and fully opened blossoms, the whole spectrum on a single tree. 

Pawpaw also reproduce by suckers, roots extending out to establish trees nearby in an expanding community.  Left alone they could cover a large area but as a forest matures over years around them, their expansion is controlled.

Pawpaw flowers in full bloom - REK

Like other species producing dark brown to purple flowers, the pawpaw flower smells bad, somewhat like rotting flesh.  This attracts insects that normally seek out dead animals.*  Their flowers are pollinated in a hit and miss fashion by flies, beetles and other species.  In some limited attempts to grow pawpaw commercially, growers actually hang dead fish and other lures to attract these morbid pollinators to their trees.

Zebra swallowtail - Chris Barnhart

All of these insects are important to the pawpaw but one that totally depends on it is zebra swallowtail caterpillars, Protographium_marcellus.  They can only eat pawpaw leaves.  If these trees disappeared, so would the butterflies.

Zebra swallowtail egg already perched on the first unfolding leaf of the year!  REK

Megan McCarthy CC

Several years ago I was out in the woods and checking a number of pawpaw trees.   I found a few leaf buds opening and then felt the sudden thrill of discovery.  There, on a tiny unfolding leaf, sat a glistening pale green egg of a zebra swallowtail.  A female zebra swallowtail very carefully lays an individual egg on the underside of a leaf.  It seems to know that its offspring don't play well together so it lays only one egg per leaf.  When the zebra caterpillar emerges, it eats the egg case for energy, and then may eat neighboring eggs if they are available.  Since the only likely species on a pawpaw are zebras, it doesn't pay to invest the energy in eggs that will not survive.  It is interesting to contemplate how this trait occurred.


*Further information on pawpaw odors is in this paper.
Previous pawpaw blogs have covered zebra swallowtail eggs, the  butterfly's premature delivery and the Asimina webworm moth that lives curled up in pawpaw leaves.

Rough Bulletgalls

Galls with a house fly, Musca domestica

I have been dissecting these rough bulletgalls which were clustered all over the branches of a small bur oak at Wonders of Wildlife.  Courtney Reece who teaches at the WOLF School had noticed wasps and flies swarming the tree and sent me the whole story.  She also researched it and came up with a diagnosis of rough bulletgalls.  These galls are produced by a rough bulletgall wasp, Disholcaspis quercusmamma.

She warned me that there was a large number of yellow jacket wasps on the tree.  The numbers were down by the time I arrived but the wasps were on their sugar high and paid no attention to me.  While they are notorious for attacking people threatening them by walking over the hole of their nests in the ground or running a mower over them, these didn't seem to be bothered by my camera a few inches away. 

So why all the insect traffic?  These galls exude a sugary juice that is an invitation to party to a number of sweet-loving insects.  According to Bugwood, "Rough bulletgall wasps produce a woody, generally rounded gall on bur oak, with a slight point. Very heavy infestations can occur that largely cover twigs, reducing growth rate of the tree. The galls also exude a honeydew-like sweet material that is attractive to bees and wasps and fosters growth of sooty molds."

Bulletgall wasp - Whitney Cranshaw - CSU

D. quercusmamma has an interesting life history. 

"Females emerge in late October and early November, after a hard frost. (A small circular hole in the gall indicates emergence.) Eggs apparently are laid in the terminal growth during the fall. winged and wingless forms are produced; males apparently are unknown.

Gall opened

In late spring, the developing insect stimulates a pocket of stem tissue to produce a large rounded gall, in which the young wasp develops. Galls are pale brown and soft in early stages, later darkening and hardening. Only a single wasp develops in each gall, although sometimes other insects (inquilines) also share the gall. The larva pupates within a small cell in the center of the gall, emerging in early fall. There is one generation per season." Bugwood Wiki

Three layers surround pupa case

Pupa, case and umbilical connection

The gall is firm and leathery, hard to cut open.  The outer layer is woody and tough, covering a thick middle layer the consistency of a dry apple that breaks off in chunks.  A thin third layer surrounds the pupa case leaving an open space around it.  The case its self connects to the inner layer of the gall with a knobby stem, somewhat like an umbilical cord which provided nutrition to the larva.

Syncophila sp. parasitoid wasp - Tom Murray

In attempting to raise the gall wasp, you can't just assume that what emerges is the cause of the gall.  Like Forest Gump's box of chocolates, the life and food web doesn't end there.  There are at least five Sycophila sp.  of parasitoid wasps that  live in D. quercusmamma larvae. Sometimes other insects (inquilines) also share the gall.
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More on bulletgalls in general is at this Ohio State University site.
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Addendum:

A sharp eyed WOLF Student examining the galls noticed a tiny 1/2" patch of eggs on a leaf.  We kept the leaf in the box to see what would emerge.  There were tiny 1mm black dots in the box 3 days later.  The best macroscopic photograph I could manage showed enough in profile to call it a "ladybug" (beetle actually) larva.

H. axyridis

It is most likely a European lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis.  It is now commonly found in gardens and fields, especially where humans influence the landscape.  This isn't a bad or invasive species although it does tend to out compete with some of our native species.

H. axyridis larva

H. axyridis pupa

Another Jumping Spider

I saw what initially looked like a small ant slowly scouting the surface of a patio table.  It was less than a quarter inch long (5mm) and skittish when I got too close.  I was able to get these pictures with my cell phone, a bit blurry when blown up but good enough to ID it on INaturalist as a Common Hentz Jumping Spider, Hentzia palmarum.

It has impressive front legs that resemble a crab spider.  When I got too near it jumped several inches over the table edge and dangled by a trailing strand of silk before climbing back up.  Jumping spiders don't build webs but also use their silk to create a burrow to hole up into.

H. palmarum - Large central eyes - "The better to measure the jump on you with"  - Wikipedia

H. palmarum  David Hill - Wikipedia

They hunt by relying on their large eyes in front as they stalk their prey (See last month's blog for a discussion on their binocular vision).  The long front legs holds their prey while they inject their venom.  The black and white striped structures in this photograph are their pedipalps or jaws.  The large pedipalps and dark color generally identify this as a male.  There is a good video of H. palmarum in action at this Youtube link.

Female H. palmarum - Brandon Woo

There is a dramatic difference in appearance between the male and female, making them look like separate species.  According to Bugguide "Females are hairier, paler in color, often marked with forward pointing triangles along the center of her abdomen."

Brandon Woo's specimen looks warm and cuddly compared to the males, unless spiders aren't your thing.